Muscles synergies thus allow a global understanding of the muscle coordination in comparison to the production of a mechanical output. This analysis assumes that the Central Nervous System (CNS) simplifies the abundance of muscles by using smaller numbers of functional elements activated in time. The muscle synergy analysis is frequently used to answer this question ( d’Avella, Saltiel & Bizzi, 2003 Turpin, Uriac & Dalleau, 2021). Muscle coordination leads to the question of understanding how the large number of available muscles are coordinated to execute a movement ( Bernstein, 1967 Latash, 2012). To deeply understand the movement of cycling, it remains crucial to understand the underlying muscle coordination. This latter point is particularly interesting from a clinical point of view since intervention at the UL could benefit the LL functional aspects. These examples suggest similarities in movement execution and interactions in the production of movement with the UL and LL that can be observed at muscle activity level. Moreover, modulations of cutaneous reflex and muscle activities of the LL was also shown after UL cycling training ( Zehr & Chua, 2000 Zehr, 2005 Barzi & Zehr, 2008 Mezzarane, Nakajima & Zehr, 2014). (2018) showed functional and neurological improvements of walking capacities after a rehabilitation protocol involving UL cycling. ![]() An increasing number of studies highlight the interest of UL cycling also for LL rehabilitation: for example, Kaupp et al. ![]() Cycling is extensively used for improving health, training, physiological evaluation, or rehabilitation with LL ( Faria, Parker & Faria, 2005 Fujiwara PhD et al., 2005 Oja et al., 2011 Sitko et al., 2020) and to a lesser extent with UL ( Hübner-Wozniak et al., 2004 Elmer, Danvind & Holmberg, 2013 Zinner et al., 2016 Zhou et al., 2017). Cycling with the upper (UL) or lower limbs (LL) both consists in producing torque in a circular movement with fixed cranks length around a fixed rotation axis.
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